APR-1400型先進壓水式反應爐

APR-1400(Advanced Power Reactor 1400,装机容量1400 兆瓦)是由韩国电力公司(KEPCO)设计的一种先进压水核反应堆。该反应堆最初被称为韩国下一代反应堆(KNGR)[1] ,是第三代反应堆,由早期的OPR-1000发展而来,并融合了美国燃烧工程公司(CE)System 80+设计的一些特性。[2]目前,韩国有4台APR-1400机组在运行(新古里核电站1号和2号机组,原新蔚核电站3号和4号机组,以及新韩蔚核电站1号和2号机组),另有2台机组在建(新古里核电站3号和4号机组,原新蔚核电站5号和6号机组)。此外,阿联酋巴拉卡核电站的4台APR-1400机组已建成并投入商业运行。
设计
[编辑]APR-1400是一种改进型先进轻水反应堆,基于之前的OPR-1000设计。在韩国改进设计下,新反应堆的总功率为1455MWe,热功率容量为 3983 MWt(额定功率为 4000 MW)。[3]
该设计符合43项要求[4] ,主要改进之处在于功率提升、更长的使用寿命和增强的安全性。设计改进还着重于满足经济目标和许可要求。与 OPR-1000 相比,其主要特点如下:
- 净功率:1400兆瓦(增长40%)
- 设计寿命:60年(增加50%)
- 抗震设计基准:0.3g(增加50%)
- 核心损伤频率:小于 10⁻⁵ /年(降低 10 倍)
- 核心燃料组件:241个(增加36%)
还进行了其他几项改进,例如全面采用数字化 I/C 以及在安全注射系统 (SIT) 中采用了新系统。
堆芯
[编辑]APR-1400反应堆堆芯由241个燃料组件、93个控制元件组件和61个堆芯内仪表组件组成。每个燃料组件包含236根燃料棒,呈16×16排列(部分空间被控制元件的导管占据),燃料为二氧化铀(平均富集度为2.6 wt%)[5][6][7][8],平均体积功率密度为100.9 W/cm³。经过少量改造,堆芯最多可装载30%的混合氧化物燃料。堆芯设计换料周期为18个月,燃耗最高可达60,000 MWD/MTU,热裕度为10%。[9] 对于控制元件组件,全强度控制棒中使用了76根碳化硼颗粒棒,而部分强度控制棒中使用了 17 根Inconel-625 棒。
一回路
[编辑]与 OPR-1000 及之前的 CE 设计一样,APR-1400 也具有两个冷却环路。在每个环路中,加热后的主冷却水从反应堆压力容器 (RPV) 经由一个热段离开,流经一个蒸汽发生器(SG),然后经由两个冷段返回反应堆压力容器,每个冷段都配备一个反应堆冷却剂泵(主泵) (RCP),采用Doosan Enerbility 与德国 KSB 合作开发的轴封泵,每个反应堆4个主泵,流量26,500 立方米/小时。[4]在其中一个环路的热段上设有一个稳压器(PZR),运行期间该稳压器内一半蒸汽一半水。两个冷却回路呈对称布置,热段位于 RPV 圆周的直径相对位置。由于蒸汽发生器相对于 RPV 的位置较高,因此在反应堆主泵(RCP)发生故障时,自然对流可以维持反应堆冷却剂的循环。稳压器配备一个先导式泄压阀,该泄压阀不仅可以防止反应堆冷却剂系统过压,还可以在给水完全丧失的情况下进行手动泄压。
二回路
[编辑]每台蒸汽发生器均采用 13,102 根 Inconel 690 换热管;与先前设计中使用的 Inconel 600 管材相比,新材料提高了抗应力腐蚀开裂性能。[9]与后期改进的 System 80+ 设计类似,该蒸汽发生器设计集成了一个加热器,用于在给水进入蒸汽发生器之前对其进行预热。与 OPR-1000 设计相比,该蒸汽发生器具有更大的二次给水容量,从而延长了干涸时间,并为操作人员在必要时提供更多干预时间。设计管堵塞裕量为 10%,这意味着即使蒸汽发生器中最多 10% 的管材发生堵塞,机组仍能满功率运行。蒸汽发生器的两条主蒸汽管道均设有五个安全阀、一个主蒸汽泄压阀和一个隔离阀。
安全设计
[编辑]APR-1400 主要依靠主动工程系统来应对并缓解事故。
- 冗余设计:该堆型配备了四列相互独立且高度冗余的安全系统(4 x 100% 容量配置),且在物理上相互隔离。这一设计确保了即使发生多重组件失效,备用系统仍能由应急柴油发电机供电,持续向堆芯注入冷却水。
- 抗飞机撞击防护:重型双层安全壳,坚固的外壳结构
运行机组
[编辑]| 核电站 | 机组 | 状态 | 开工 |
完工 |
商用 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 新古里核电站 (韩国)[14] |
1 | Operational | 2008-10-16 | 2015-10-30 [a][15] [16] | 2016-12-12[16] |
| 2 | Operational | 2009-8-19 | 2015-11[b] | 2019-8[a][18] | |
| 3 | 2026-4临界 | 2016-9 | 2026-4-12[19] | 2026-8[20][17] | |
| 4 | 建设中 | 2017-9 | – | 2026-11[21][17] | |
| 新蔚核电站 (韩国) |
1 | Operational | 2012-7-10 | [22][c] | 2022-5[24] |
| 2 | Operational | 2013-6-19 | 2020-4[25] | 2023-11[26] | |
| 3 | 建设中 [27] | 2025-5[28] | 2032[28] | 2032 | |
| 4 | 建设中 [27] | 2026-5-29[28] | 2033[28] | 2033 | |
| 巴拉卡核电站 (阿联酋) |
1 | Operational | 2012-7-18 | 2017-5-7[d] | 2021-4-6[31] |
| 2 | Operational | 2013-5-28 | 2022-3-24[32] | ||
| 3 | Operational | 2014-9-24 | 2021-11-4[33] | 2023-2-24[34][35] | |
| 4 | Operational | 2015-9-2 | –[e] | 2024-9-5[37][38][32][36] |
- Notes
- ^ 1.0 1.1 Delayed by fraudulent cabling issue
- ^ Cold hydrostatic testing completed November 2015. Hot functional testing completed April 2016.[17]
- ^ Cold hydro testing completed in November 2016; hot functional testing scheduled for May–September 2017.[23]
- ^ Cold hydrostatic testing completed 16 February 2016.[29] Initial construction completed 5 May 2017, with remaining testing pending operating license permitting fuel loading.[30]
- ^ Major RCS components installed in summer 2017.[36]
参见
[编辑]外部链接
[编辑]- Kim, Han-Gon. The Design Characteristics of Advanced Power Reactor 1400 (PDF). Korea Hydro & Nuclear Power Co (报告) (IAEA). 28 October 2009 [13 August 2017]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2025-05-27).
- Advanced Nuclear Power Reactors. World Nuclear Association. December 2014 [4 March 2015]. (原始内容存档于13 April 2014).
- Status report 83 - Advanced Power Reactor 1400 MWe (APR1400) (PDF). International Atomic Energy Association. 11 April 2011 [4 March 2015]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于18 April 2013).
- APR + (Advanced Power Reactor Plus) (PDF). International Atomic Energy Association. 6 November 2013 [4 March 2015]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2022-04-12).
- Euan Mearns, Andy Dawson. An Overview of the KEPCO APR1400. Energy Matters. 18 December 2017 [18 December 2017]. (原始内容存档于2022-12-04).
參考文獻
[编辑]- ^ Goldberg, Stephen M.; Rosner, Robert. Nuclear Reactors: Generation to Generation (PDF). Global Nuclear Future (American Academy of Arts and Sciences). 2011: 7 [2026-6-4]. ISBN 978-0-87724-090-7. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2018-09-20).
- ^ US design certification sought for APR1400, 2013. WNN. [2026-06-04]. (原始内容存档于2023-04-17).
- ^ Advanced Nuclear Power Reactors. World Nuclear Association. 2014-8 [29 August 2014]. (原始内容存档于27 August 2014).
- ^ 4.0 4.1 Kim, Han-Gon. The Design Characteristics of Advanced Power Reactor 1400 (PDF). Korea Hydro & Nuclear Power Co (报告) (IAEA). 28 October 2009 [13 August 2017]. IAEA-CN-164-3S09. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2025-05-27).
- ^ Alrwashdeh, Mohammad, and Saeed A. Alameri. 2022. "SiC and FeCrAl as Potential Cladding Materials for APR-1400 Neutronic Analysis" Energies 15, no. 10: 3772. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15103772
- ^ Alaleeli, Maithah M., Saeed A. Alameri, and Mohammad Alrwashdeh. 2022. "Neutronic Analysis of SiC/SiC Sandwich Cladding Design in APR-1400 under Normal Operation Conditions" Energies 15, no. 14: 5204. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15145204
- ^ Alrwashdeh, Mohammad, and Saeed A. Alameri. 2022. "Chromium-Coated Zirconium Cladding Neutronics Impact for APR-1400 Reactor Core" Energies 15, no. 21: 8008. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15218008
- ^ Alrwashdeh, Mohammad, and Saeed A. Alameri. "Preliminary neutronic analysis of alternative cladding materials for APR-1400 fuel assembly." Nuclear Engineering and Design 384 (2021): 111486.
- ^ 9.0 9.1 Shin-Kori-3, Korea RO (South). World Nuclear Association. 2015 [11 March 2015]. (原始内容存档于2 April 2015).
- ^ Samsung-led consortium awarded Korean construction contract. World Nuclear News (World Nuclear Association). 4 June 2015 [26 July 2015]. (原始内容存档于2023-04-17).
- ^ Fuel loading under way at Shin Kori 3. World Nuclear News. 2015-11-4 [2015-12-16]. (原始内容存档于2022-02-16).
- ^ Korea, Republic of. IAEA Power Reactor Information System. 2015 [11 March 2015]. (原始内容存档于2019-05-02).
- ^ United Arab Emirates. IAEA Power Reactor Information System. 2015 [11 March 2015]. (原始内容存档于2026-06-24).
- ^ 存档副本. [2026-06-04]. (原始内容存档于2026-05-21).
- ^ World Nuclear News. Recabling delays Shin Kori start ups. World Nuclear News. 18 October 2013 [16 August 2014]. (原始内容存档于2013-10-30).
- ^ 16.0 16.1 First Korean APR-1400 enters commercial operation. World Nuclear News. 20 December 2016 [23 December 2016]. (原始内容存档于2017-08-24).
- ^ 17.0 17.1 17.2 Commissioning of second Korean APR1400 postponed. World Nuclear News. 10 August 2017 [12 August 2017]. (原始内容存档于2024-07-14).
- ^ Second APR-1400 unit starts commercial operation. www.world-nuclear-news.org. [3 September 2019]. (原始内容存档于2021-04-23).
- ^ Third unit at Korea's Saeul plant starts up. [13 April 2026]. (原始内容存档于2026-05-08).
- ^ https://www.mk.co.kr/en/business/11919165#:~:text=Permission%20to%20operate%20Saeul%20Unit%203%20after%209%20years%20of%20construction&text=Commercial%20operation%20from%20August%20%2D%20MK (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆).
- ^ https://www.neimagazine.com/news/construction-delays-for-saeul-34/?cf-view
- ^ South Korean APR-1400 starts up : New Nuclear - World Nuclear News. [2026-06-04]. (原始内容存档于2026-03-15).
- ^ Key commissioning test completed at Korean unit. World Nuclear News. 17 November 2016 [22 July 2017]. (原始内容存档于2022-02-16).
- ^ Korea eyes bigger defense exports to US and joint bid with US for reactor tenders - Pulse by Maeil Business News Korea. [2026-06-04]. (原始内容存档于2022-06-01).
- ^ 원자력 - 운영 - 건설현황 - 신한울 1,2호기 [Nuclear Power-Operation-Construction Status-Shinhanul 1,2]. www.khnp.co.kr. [16 April 2020]. (原始内容存档于2022-02-16) (韩语).
- ^ Second APR-1400 at Shin Hanul starts up : New Nuclear - World Nuclear News. [2026-06-04]. (原始内容存档于2025-08-14).
- ^ 27.0 27.1 South Korea breaks ground for two new reactors. [30 October 2024]. (原始内容存档于2026-05-09).
- ^ 28.0 28.1 28.2 28.3 Construction starts for Shin Hanul 4. World Nuclear News. 29 May 2026 [30 May 2026]. (原始内容存档于2026-06-26).
- ^ Testing milestone for Barakah 1. World Nuclear News. 16 February 2016 [5 January 2018]. (原始内容存档于2024-07-23).
- ^ Completed Barakah 1 awaits permission to load fuel. World Nuclear News. 5 May 2017 [22 July 2017]. (原始内容存档于2022-10-05).
- ^ Belgium, Central Office, NucNet a s b l, Brussels. Barakah-1 / First Commercial Nuclear Plant In Arab World Begins Commercial Operation. The Independent Global Nuclear News Agency. 24 March 2021 [2021-04-07]. (原始内容存档于2022-11-05).
- ^ 32.0 32.1 Second Barakah unit begins commercial operation. World Nuclear News. 28 March 2015 [2026-06-04]. (原始内容存档于2025-08-14).
- ^ Third unit completed at Barakah : New Nuclear - World Nuclear News. [2026-06-04]. (原始内容存档于2025-04-27).
- ^ In the Year of Sustainability UAE Takes Significant Leap towards Net Zero 2050 as Unit 3 of Barakah Nuclear Energy Plant Starts Commercial Operations. [2026-06-04]. (原始内容存档于2026-01-31).
- ^ Barakah 3 begins commercial operation - Nuclear Engineering International. 28 February 2023 [2026-06-04]. (原始内容存档于2023-05-05).
- ^ 36.0 36.1 Major components installed at final Barakah unit. World Nuclear News. 14 August 2017 [5 January 2018]. (原始内容存档于2020-08-21).
- ^ Belgium, Central Office, NucNet a s b l, Brussels. Barakah / UAE Hails 'Historic Milestone' As Fourth And Final Reactor Begins Commercial Operation. The Independent Global Nuclear News Agency. 1 March 2024 [2026-06-04]. (原始内容存档于2026-04-11).
- ^ Fourth Barakah unit starts up. World Nuclear News. [2026-06-04]. (原始内容存档于2026-04-12).